Gender studies

I've compiled all data of GENDER STUDIES IN THIS LINK !!

https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=1_ygms5nagEn18dMvPOPs994Ba9aqCAyf

Food Security and Agriculture

Food security and agriculture revival

The situation in Pakistan is quite alarming, as prevalence of undernourishment in the total population has reached 17%

The world has been falling behind in achieving SDGs of eradicating food insecurity, hunger and malnutrition. Support policies have failed to achieve their objectives which have caused unequal distribution and created market distortions.

The above was the crux of a recent report published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on Food Security 2022. The report further highlighted undernourishment in the global population which increased from 8% in 2019 to 9.3% in 2020 and 9.8% in 2021. Globally, 700 to 800 million people have faced hunger in 2021. The report also stated that 20.2% of the population faced hunger in Africa compared to 9.1% in Asia, 8.6% in Latin America, 5.8% in Oceania and 2.5% in North America. Shocks like Covid-19 and the Ukraine war have further exacerbated the risk of food insecurity and malnutrition. The World Bank in its climate explainer series indicated that 345 million people may have suffered acute food insecurity in 2022 due to supply chain disruptions.

The situation in Pakistan is quite alarming, as the prevalence of undernourishment in the total population has reached 17%. The prevalence of food insecurity has reached 8.7% from 1% in 2014. In the last eight years, 17 million people have become food insecure. The above FAO figures were based on the findings of 2021. Therefore, it can be assumed that the prevalence of food insecurity in 2022 could have been multiplied several times due to the devastating floods in Pakistan. As per the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment Report of the Government of Pakistan, agriculture and livestock suffered significant damages of $3.7 billion and substantial losses of $9.2 billion. Floods have caused extensive destruction to 4.4 million acres of agricultural land and 0.8 million of livestock. The devastation of crops, livestock and aquaculture infrastructure and assets has resulted in temporary deterioration of livelihoods, employment and agriculture-related income, and has triggered food insecurity, malnutrition and hunger.

Agriculture contributes 19.2% to the GDP and employs 38.5% of the labour force. The agriculture sector output multiplier is estimated to be around 1.43. This represents the sector’s ability to multiply input of 1% into output by 1.43%. The share of private consumption expenditure for the agriculture sector is 12%, the fourth highest by any sector in private consumption expenditure. Thus, the agriculture sector has an important role to play in eradicating food insecurity, undernourishment and hunger. However, arable land per capita has decreased over the years due to agricultural land use for non-farming purposes. Productivity has declined due to obsolete practices, excessive use of pesticides, unavailability of quality seeds, and unfriendly policies on new technology.

Pakistan has the potential to adopt modern tools to enhance its agricultural output and eradicate food insecurity and malnutrition. A 1% increase in tech-based investments in agriculture can enhance sectorial output by 3% and GDP by 0.68%. Improved productivity would result in a higher food supply which may lead to a decline in domestic prices by 3%, but real wages would improve by 0.8% for unskilled labour and 1% for skilled labour. Therefore, it can be deduced with conviction that technology-driven growth in agriculture would lift millions out of poverty, improve food security and bring sustainability to society.

Globally, the agriculture sector is on the verge of a technological revolution. The use of sensors, devices, machines and IT has become a new norm. Today, drones, robots, temperature and moisture sensors, advanced gene editing and digital agriculture are conveniently used for precision and enhanced productivity. Pakistan should develop a comprehensive agriculture strategic framework with a clear vision for the next 10 years. It should provide grants and subsidies to motivate farmers to adopt technology such as laser land leveling, solar-powered high-efficiency irrigation systems, smart water grids and drones.

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

Introduction

The Ottoman Empire was the one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history.

It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions.

It replaced the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

The Ottoman Empire reached its height under Suleiman the Magnificent (reigned 1520-66), when it expanded to cover the Balkans and Hungary, and reached the gates of Vienna.

The Empire began to decline after being defeated at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and losing almost its entire navy. It declined further during the next centuries, and was effectively finished off by the First World War and the Balkan Wars.

One legacy of the Islamic Ottoman Empire is the robust secularism of modern Turkey.

At its peak it included:

Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Parts of Arabia, Much of the coastal strip of North Africa

Why was the Empire successful?

The recipe for success

There were many reasons why the Ottoman Empire was so successful:

• Highly centralised

• Power was always transferred to a single person, and not split between rival princes

• The Ottoman Empire was successfully ruled by a single family for 7 centuries.

• State-run education system

• Religion was incorporated in the state structure, and the Sultan was regarded as "the protector of Islam".

• State-run judicial system

• Ruthless in dealing with local leaders

• Promotion to positions of power largely depended on merit

• Created alliances across political and racial groups

• United by Islamic ideology

• United by Islamic warrior code with ideal of increasing Muslim territory through Jihad

• United by Islamic organisational and administrative structures

• Highly pragmatic, taking the best ideas from other cultures and making them their own

• Encouraged loyalty from other faith groups

• Private power and wealth were controlled

• Very strong military

• Strong slave-based army

• Expert in developing gunpowder as a military tool

• Military ethos pervaded whole administration

Origin

After Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the Seljuks declared an independent Sultanate in east and central Asia Minor.

In 1301, Uthman, an Uzbek of the Ottoman clan, overthrew the Seljuk aristocracy and proclaimed himself the Sultan of Asia Minor.

Administration

The millet system

Non-Muslim communities were organised according to the millet system, which gave minority religious/ethnic/geographical communities a limited amount of power to regulate their own affairs - under the overall supremacy of the

The first Orthodox Christian millet was established in 1454. This brought Orthodox Christians into a single community under the leadership of the Patriarch who had considerable authority given to him by the Sultan. Armenian Christian, Jewish and other millets followed in due course.

Some millets paid tax to the state as dhimmis, while others were exempted because they were seen to be performing services of value to the state.

The devshirme system

Non-Muslims in parts of the empire had to hand over some of their children as a tax under the devshirme ('gathering') system introduced in the 14th century. Conquered Christian communities, especially in the Balkans, had to surrender twenty percent of their male children to the state. These children were converted to Islam and served as slaves. 

The devshirme played a key role in Mehmet's conquest of Constantinople, and from then on regularly held very senior posts in the imperial administration. 

The devshirme system continued until the end of the seventeenth century.

Fratricide

Sultan Selim introduced the policy of fratricide (the murder of brothers).

Under this system whenever a new Sultan ascended to the throne his brothers would be locked up. As soon as the Sultan had produced his first son the brothers (and their sons) would be killed. The new Sultan's sons would be then confined until their father's death and the whole system would start again.

This often meant that dozens of sons would be killed while only one would become Sultan.

In the later centuries of Ottoman rule, the brothers were imprisoned rather than executed.

Influences and Structure

Although the Ottoman Empire was widely influenced by the faiths and customs of the peoples it incorporated, the most significant influences came from Islam.

The ruling elite worked their way up the hierarchy of the state madrassahs (religious schools) and the palace schools. They were trained to be concerned with the needs of government and to be mindful of the restrictions of Islamic law.

In its structure the ruling elite reflected a world of order and hierarchy in which promotion and status were rewarded on merit. Thus birth and genealogy, aristocracy or tribe became almost irrelevant to success in the system. Only one post, that of the Sultan, was determined by birth.

Short-termism

Ottoman rulers had a very short-term policy. They rejected the idea of developing territory and investing in it for gain at some time in the future; land and peoples were exploited to the point of exhaustion and then more or less abandoned in favour of new ground.

This policy meant that the Ottoman Empire relied on continuous expansion for stability. If it did not grow, it was likely to collapse.

Decline

The power of the empire was waning by 1683 when the second and last attempt was made to conquer Vienna. It failed. Without the conquest of Europe and the acquisition of significant new wealth the Empire lost momentum and went into a slow decline.

Several other factors contributed to the Empire's decline:

• The European powers wanted to expand

• Economic problems

• Competition from trade from the Americas

• Competition from cheap products from India and the Far East

• Development of other trade routes

• Rising unemployment within the Empire

• Ottoman Empire became less centralised, and central control weakened

• Sultans being less severe in maintaining rigorous standards of integrity in the adminstration of the Empire

• Sultans becoming less sensitive to public opinion

• The low quality Sultans of the 17th and 18th centuries

• The ending of the execution of Sultan's sons and brothers, imprisoning them instead

• This apparently humane process led to men becoming Sultan after spending years in prison - not the best training for absolute power

Soon the very word Turk became synonymous with treachery and cruelty. This led Turks like Kemal Ataturk, who was born late in the nineteenth century, to be repelled by the Ottoman Turkish political system and the culture it had evolved. Seeing little but decay and corruption, he led the Turks to create a new modern identity.

The empire officially ended on the 1st November 1922, when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished and Turkey was declared a republic. The Ottoman caliphate continued as an institution, with greatly reduced authority, until it too was abolished on the 3rd March 1924.

Anti Honor Killing Bill in Pakistan

Anti Honor Killing and Anti Rape Laws

In October 2016, The joint sitting of both houses of parliament on Thursday finally passed two key pro-women bills, The Anti-Honour Killing Laws (Criminal Amendment Bill) 2015 and the Anti-Rape Laws (Criminal Amendment Bill) 2015

A series of tragic events reinvigorated efforts for the passage of these bills, but efforts were stalled as the Committee of the Joint Sitting on Bills struggled to win over the Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam-Fazl (JUI-F) and Jamaat-i-Islami (JI). Both considered it to be against tenets of Islam.

Anti honour killing Bill:

If a woman is murdered in the name of honour by a close family member, they will be liable to strict punishment even if they are pardoned by another family member.

directs judges to sentence someone accused of an honour-killing to a life-term in prison, whether the victim’s immediate family forgives the culprit or not.

Anti Rape Bill:

The most significant provision of this bill is the fact that it gives legal cover to the collection and use of DNA evidence to prove that rape has been committed.

This flies in the face of a ruling by the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII), which had held in 2013 that DNA evidence could not be considered as primary evidence in rape cases, though it could be used as supporting evidence.

“Parliament has asserted its authority over the CII through this law,” Mr Babar told Dawn after the session.

The bill makes amendments to Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1898 and the Qanun-i-Shahadat Order 1984, some of which are quite ground-breaking.

it holds officers who may sabotage or disregard the investigation to account by stipulating three years in prison, a fine, or both for those who do not pursue an inquiry diligently.

Anyone who rapes a minor or a mentally or physically disabled person will be liable for the death penalty or life imprisonment.

same punishment is prescribed if a public servant such as police officer, jailer or medical officer takes advantage of their position to commit rape.

trials for offences such as rape and related crimes shall be conducted in-camera and also allows for the use of technology such as video links to record statements of the victim and witnesses, to spare them the humiliation or risk entailed by court appearances.

media has also been barred from publishing or publicising names

deletes provisions in the Qanun-i-Shahadat (law of evidence) relating to questioning the character of the rape victim, so that sex workers are not excluded from the law’s protection.

Sixteen Secrets of Writing Good Essay

16 Secret Of Writing Good Essays

 𝟱 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗖𝗦𝗦 𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘀

Do you often wonder why your essays and precis look unimpressive?

Well, the answer is simple. You don’t know how to write correctly.

Writing is fun. And it’s the best way to explore yourself. In fact, the internet is full of content with articles and write-ups telling you to keep a journal, jotting down your ideas, writing blogs et cetera.

But writing is not everyone’s cup of tea. Although one can improve a lot gradually with consistency and a lot of practice.

Since I’ve been through the process of writing and have written enough, I’ve got a pleasant experience. But like every writer, I have also struggled with writing.

In this article, I will discuss five common mistakes committed by new CSS aspirants and how to overcome those.

 

𝑵𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝒈𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒓. 𝑵𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓!

So far, I’ve found this to be the most common mistake.

Being a native English speaker doesn’t make anyone good at grammar.

Some of the coaches also stress upon focusing more on ideas than the language. I agree with them, albeit with a pinch of salt. I believe that the concept if not conveyed properly, will not bear any results. Therefore, language is fundamental, folks.

For this, you should consult any basic grammar books such as Oxford Practice Grammar by John Eastwood. This is my all-time favourite. Some people suggest Wren and Martin’s grammar book, but I don’t. It is too cluttered and old-fashioned.

If you want a more in-depth study, I would recommend Practical English Usage by Michael Swan.

𝑨𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒂𝒏 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

Most new writers complain that they get the ideas but fail to put them to words. Sometimes they don’t know how to explain the concepts, and sometimes they fall short of words.

This happens because new writers do not outline their write up properly.

Outlining is also necessary to give a proper structure to your write up as well.

Start by mind-mapping or clustering, and then put your ideas on the paper in an outline format with the most critical and relevant coming first.

𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒂𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄

Not every topic is for all the people, nor you can generalise it for everyone. For instance, a science topic is mostly technical and is formal in tone. Similarly, a question of motivation should have a touch of inspiration.

Therefore, while writing anything, keep your audience as well as the nature of the topic in mind.

Ask yourself the purpose of your piece of writing. Whether you want to entertain or inform?

Is your audience technical or non-technical? Whether you want to engage or convince?

By asking these questions, you’d be able to understand the purpose and your audience for which you are writing.

𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒌𝒆𝒚!

People might come to read your write-ups once, but they won’t get back if they don’t find any value in your write up.

To add value, you should come up with something new, something they haven’t already read anywhere else.

This comes with research. Before writing on any topic, it is necessary to do some research first. This will give you a clear idea about what’s being written and discussed. Never get started without researching on the topic.

Many a time, it also inspires you to write more on it. You get an insight into other aspects on which no one else has written. Therefore, doing research is imperative.

𝑷𝒊𝒄𝒌 𝒖𝒑 4-5 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒆.

When you first take up writing, your brain starts racing in different directions. You might write on history, or political affairs. After some time, you drift towards other areas such as technology or religion.

There is no harm in that. Try writing on as many topics as you want to.

But once you see yourself shine in a few areas, stick to them. Develop your expertise and up the ante.

But keeping yourself scattered won’t lead you anywhere.

 

So here is a summary of 5 common mistakes:

1. 𝙉𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙢𝙢𝙖𝙧. Grammar is the backbone of your write up, ideas make up the muscle.

2. 𝗔𝗹𝘄𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗹𝗶𝗻e. Without an outline, your write up will have no proper structure.

3. 𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰. Every writes up is written differently according to its purpose.

4. 𝗗𝗼 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁. Never start writing without taking up research. It’s vital to make you stand out and inspire.

5. 𝗦𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗸 𝘁𝗼 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗿𝗲. Find your strong areas and develop more on those fronts instead of scattering over and wasting energy.

 

Final Note: Keep practicing, keep writing, keep inspiring.

Muslim rule in Subcontinent from 1206_1857

*Muslims Rule in Subcontinent from 1206-1857.*

Most Important.. har job test ma yahn sa 2,3 MCQs utha laty hain. 😎

*1: Slave dynasty (1206-1290)*

The first ruler of slave dynasty:

*Qutubuddin aibak*

The last ruler of slave dynasty: 

*Muiz ud din qaiqabad*

*2: Khilji dynasty (1290-1320)*

First ruler of khilji dynasty: 

*jalal ud din khilji*

Last ruler of khilji dynasty:

*Qutub ud din mubarak*

*3: Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413)*

First Ruler of Tughlaq dynasty:

*Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq or Ghazi Malik*

Last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty: 

*Nasiruddin Mohammad Shah*

*4: Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451)*

First Ruler of The Sayyid dynasty:

*Khizr Khan*

The last ruler of sayyid dynasty:

*Alauddin Alam Shah*

*5: Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526)*

First Ruler of lodhi dynasty:

*Bahlol lodhi*

Last Ruler of lodhi dynasty:

*Ibrahim lodhi*

*6: Mughal dynasty (1526-1857)*

First Ruler of mughal dynasty:

*Babar*

Last ruler of mughal dynasty:

*Bahadur Shah II*

Afghan Taliban

Afghanistan Topic Dimensions to be discussed 1. US has lost Afghanistan 2. Revival of Afghan Taliban 3. Challenges for Afghan Govt ahead 4. impact for Pakistan

1. US has lost Afghanistan:

 US fought long war in the history. War on Terror launched in 2001 through Operation OEF Operation Enduring Freedom. Two decades long war from Oct 2001 to Aug 2021. So 2 decades long war by US and allies in Afghanistan. More than 3000 major operation were conducted by US and allies across Afghanistan. Small Medium and Major collectively 3000 operations. Then US fought the most expensive war in its history in Afghanistan. More than 2.3 Trillion Dollar means 20300 billion dollars cost was afforded by US in Afghanistan. Hence the most expensive in US history. More is that US made repeated policy shift to win the war against OEF. 3D, Disrupt, dismantle and defeat. AFPAK policy in 2011, Drawdown policy in 2014, Trump's South Asia Policy in 2017 etc. Hence consistent policy shift to win the war against AL Qaeda and Afghan Insurgency. But failed to do so. US BROUGHT NATO in Afghanistan. NATO Troops. 29 countries military organization. It Includes Europe US Canada Turkey etc. So US brought in NATO to Afghanistan under Article 5 if NATO Charter, means Collective Defense. NATO countries are bound to intervene. If any Of the NATO member is under attack and demand or seeks for support from NATO members then all members are bound to attack or retaliate. More than 65k troops with all the possible military technologies by NATO especially that of UK Germany France Canada Turkey Spain etc. It fought the longest ever war in history. More than 2 decades long war fought by NATO under US Patronage. Then the most expensive and long war was fought by NATO members. ISAF NATO and Non NATO countries e.g Australia, South Korea UAE Jordan etc. US prevailed the non NATO countries to send their troops to Afghanistan. AND they also failed to defeat. All possible options were applied by US. First National and the ISAF. Why US failed ? First factor was Ideology held responsible. Taliban had Jihadist ideology that Muslims were attacked by Infidels.Second was Culture of Afghanistan. Afghanis never peacefully coexist with the invaders whether be it Great Britain in 1839, 1867 and in 1911 or be it USSR in 1979 to 1989 or be it war on terror from 2001 to 2021. third factor was Terrain of Afghanistan. Land and weather of Afghanistan was never conducive for Invaders. Mostly Hilly Bealt full of caves made by US against USSR. hard weather from Nov to March fight never possible because of Cold weather. Then fourth factor was that US could not win the support of the neighbours. Russia China Iran have been having the apprehensions that US and NATO had sent troops to Afghanistan not to fight war On terror but To contain China Russia and Iran. Then fourth factor was that US could not win the support of the neighbours. Russia China Iran have been having the apprehensions that US and NATO had sent troops to Afghanistan not to fight war On terror but To contain China Russia and Iran. More was that it also.lost the support of Pakistan and repeatedly antagonized Pakistan. How ? First, presence of India into Afghanistan and escalated tension on Western border and empower of Non pashtun in Afghanistan such as Uzbek. Third repeated sovereign violations like Salala Checkpost Ion which 24 soldiers lost their lives. 

2. Revival of afghab Taliban: 

US Justice Department Report 2018 says that more than 45 per cent of the Afghan territory directly control by the Afghan Taliban. Then overall 70 percent strong influence if the Afghan territory. Second, since 2014 to 2018 more than 35 percent of the overall attacks made or extend by Afghan Taliban to non pashtun bealt. Urban Centers are controlled by Government forces. Rural Areas are controlled by Taliban. More is that Taliban presence in the urban Centers in the night, Daytime controlled by Government, is increased. US Commander in Chief, In Afghanistan, in March 2021, proclaimed that more than 20p out of 436 districts of Afghanistan are being controlled by Afghan Taliban. He further says in June 2021, 23 out of 34 provinces are under Taliban Control. So much expansion with in 3 months. Furthermore, the month of July and August were decisive. The srmtrongholds of Afghanistan government like Paktiya, Pakhtika, Jalabad, Hilmand, Nangarhar and Noristan had fallen into the hands of Afghan Taliban. which were never lost before by Government. 15th of August the capital Kabul was captured without fight. Panjshir was captured by Afghan Taliban today which was captured in their tenure during the 90s. Why Afghan forces could not stand before Taliban ? Doha Deal in Feb 2020 was signed between US and Taliban. 1. US Agreed to pulling out troops completely and in return Taliban agreed to not fight rather would join the mainstream. 2. Agreed to Intra-Afghan Negotiations, Talks between Afghan Taliban and Afghan Govt. In Intra-Afghan Negotiations, Two points were to be decided. First was that Afghan government would release the Taliban prisoners around 12k prisoners would be released. As per the deal Afghan government was supposed to release but it didn't. around 5k was released but 7k were still detained. In return to this, Taliban Continued to fight and never stopped. Second was the disagreement over the power-share formula. In Power-Share Formula, Afghan Taliban Wanted to establish a Shariah Based Government. Non Elected Shariah Based Government in which all the stakeholders would be accommodated. Non Elected and Sharia Based. But Afghan Government wanted to contest elections and gain power. Resultantly, Disagreement among both the parties remained and Taliban Continued to fight. Now, AFGHAN army could not Stand infront of A Taliban. More than 2lak 80 Hazar Afghan Army equipped with latest military technologies yet again it couldn't stand infront of around 65k Afghan Gurillas. Why ? 1. Afghan Army was ordered 'not to fight' (by Ashraf Ghani). We observed that majority of the areas being captured by Taliban without fighting. Second Afghan government fumbled. How ? President along with ministers fled off to some other country. Why? Because he knew that the continuation of his government and the future of Afghanistan Security Forces are linked with the presence of US and Allies. Once US and NATO decided to pull out so their future became bleak. How ? financial funding by NATO and US and difficult for them to run government anymore

3. Challenges for Afghan Govt: 

15th of Aug, Afghan government under Hamid Karzai disintegrated. How ? Asgmgraf Ghanni with his team fled off. Taliban entered into Kabul and established their transitional government. Now Major Challenges to the Government of Taliban. 1. The establishment of Inclusive Government in Afghanistan. How Inclusive government ? Ethnic representation. Now The Afghan Taliban cabinet is dominated by Pashtuns. 27 percent population is Tajik and 2members are in Government. Hazara Around 19 percent and 1 Member in Government. Uzbek around 7 percent and 1 Member in Government. So there is no ethnic representation in Government. So, Ethnic acceptability of The government is still lagging. Then If ethimnic acceptability is not there then issues are WITH CARs and Iran. TALIBAN should form government which is internally acceptable and neighbour aligned. Secondly, the challenge is women representation. Only 1 woman is in their cabinet. West support is conditional to have equal opportunities for women in Government. Thirdly, The divide between conservatives and moderate Taliban. The former is in majority and in secondary or tertionary leadership and want strict imposition of Shariah, and The latter are moderate and hold top positions. They want to establish relations with the world west and neighbour.Economic crunches resulting into massive humanitarian crisis. how? More than 75 percent of the budget ary funds to Afghanistan was dependent on the aid money of Us and NATO countries. That has stopped. 9 Billion USD state bank reserves of Afghanistan is freezed by US. Majority of the foreign and Local Investors fled the country Australia China US Canada. Many of the banks in Afghanistan closed their branches across the country. Overall Result was tremendous Economic Crunch or Crisis. Which resulting into having acute Humanitarian Crisis food crisis, Every third person is facing food shortages and Hard weather. UNHR predicted that dying of more pep pl e because of hunger is compared to total sum of people got martyred in war on terror. Afghan Taliban deal with Economy that is transforming into socioeconomic crisis. How to Deal with ISKP Islamic State of Khurasan province, A branch of ISIS. how to deal with TTP, East Turkmenistan ISLAMIC movement ETIM, Islamic movement of Uzbekistan IMU and Al Qaeda. Besides, ISKP in particular has been a potential threat to Internal Security, targeting to Shia Population , Afghan Taliban and Afghanistan's Strategic Locations such as Airports. These organizations are posing Threats For the Security of the Regions especially Neighvours . e.g For Pakistan, CARs, Iran, China. Moreover, Threat to International Security. ISKP AND AlQaeda attack anywhere in the world. The Role of Taliban has been Changed. How ? From a Non State Actor to the State Force. Emerged as a potential attackers and now transformed into State force. They have to win the confidence of the world. Must ensure afghan land must not be used as a launching pad against neigbours and Us and NATO. another challenge is that fulfillment of Fundamental Rights. to ensure Women Rights and their education, Rights of the Minorities, Capital Punishment etc These are the far-reaching problems or challenges facing by Afghan Taliban.

4. impact for Pakistan

Implications. 1 The geopolitical role of Pakistan in Kabul has revived. From 2004 till 2021, India's influence or Role in Kabul or in Afghanistan is tremendously increased. How ? The government of Hamid Karzai and Later on The government of Ashraf Ghani wa s tremendously influenced by Raw and India. The largest donor was INDIA. the construction of Afghan Parliament House and Roads Infrastructure was built up by India. E.g construction of zarranj Dhilaram road that linked Afghanistan to Iran. Salma dam construction shatoot dam. 5k Scholarship were given to Afghans and so on and Built soft image. Indo-Afghan Strategic Partnership 35k plus Afghan soldiers were trained by Indians. Chunk of Commissioned Officeres were trained in India military academy that culminated into Buolding of anti pak narrative. Raw-NDS Nexus. So immense influence over Afghanistan. India had to Pack up owing to Taliban in power. India always supporting Military or Wa ar options not negotiations. However, Pakistan always supporting. negotiations options. Now TALIBAN in power that tremendously increased the role of Pakistan's political influence So A Geopolitical advantage for Pakistan. Secondly, the security concerns of.l Paksitan from Afghanistan would decline. How? Terrorist Organisation like TTP, ISKP using Afghan Territory against Pakistan. Separatist Organisations Like BLA, BRA, BLF all these using Afghan Territory against Pakistan for henious attacks. BLA AND BRA attacked In Balochinstan and Sindh Karachi and recently two days before attacked Lahore in bomb blast. TTP attacked KPK. DASSU ATTACK on CPEC team. Raw weapon used them. Afghan Government kept soft hand over thses groups. Now Taliban would have to ensure that Afghan Territory not to be used against Pakistan. These were positive implications. Negative Impacts on Pakistan Firstly humanitarian crisis is increasing which eventually will lead to Refugee crisis. Pakistan is already hosting 3m Afghan Refugees. Fled to Neighboring countries and Pakistan is immediate neighbors. Secondly, Pak US Relations may deteriorate. Now during war kn terror, pak was repeatedly blamed by US supporting Taliban. US lost the war in Afghanistan. US would held responsible Pakistan for all failures. Then Pak said Absolutely No to US request for a military bases in Pakistan. Then what we have observed that US congressional Committee to probe or to investigate the role of Pakistan in supporting Afghan Taliban and To impose sanctions over Pakistan. US withdrawal this particular point from the bill, to probe Pak role and impose sanctions. US deputy Secretary of States in New Delhi India Said that Us does not intend to Revive comprehensive multilateral Relations with Pakistan. Moreover, In FATF, 7 new demands were added to the list of demands from Pakistan. US was a driving force behind this. Options available with Pakistan 1. To avoid Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan, Pak Must play its role because in Afghanistan humanitarian crisis the worst affectee would be Pakistan after Afghanistan. How to play its Role? Pak Called OIC Conference in Islamabad. P5 of The UN security Council, EU representatives SCO representatives and ASEAN representatives. OIC Theme line was avoid Humanitarian Crisis IN Afghanistan. OIC members, US third EU and fourth China should provide humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. Pak got success . More than 1Billion By EU, I Billion Riyal By KSA. PAK ROLE IS RECOGNIZED AND APPRECIATED by EU, US CHINA. DIPLOMATIC VICTORY OF PAKISTAN. SOFT IMAGE PROJECTION ACROSS THE WORLD IN GENERAL AND AFGHANISTAN IN PARTICULAR. SECONDLY, access Taliban government to deliver on.the promises they made e.g Inclusive government and fundamental Rights Fulfilment. Then Not to allow Afghanistan territory to be used against regional countries. Thirdly, Pak has to approach Neighbour to help Afghanistan. FINANCIAL HELP to avoid Humanitarian Crisis. To give them aid. Secondly transform Afghanistan into Transit Corridor, Help them. IRAN CARs China Russia Iran. Integrate them in BRI. To help Afghan Taliban Government in defeating Terrorist Organisation including ISKP, ISIS, ALQAEDA TTP. Thirdly recognised Taliban Government. Play the role of a bridge between Taliban and US. How can we play This role? Pressurized Taliban to deliver on their Promise. To convince US in general and NATO in particular to give them aid to avoid Humanitarian Crisis. TRIOKA PLUS Conference was held at Islamabad before OIC conference in which US, CHINA RUSSIA AND PAKISTAN participated with objectives : to pressurize Afghan Taliban to deliver on their promises and building on consensus US and regional powers to deal with Taliban. 

The Political Culture of Pakistan, negative affects, is Revival of Clergy. JUI F revival is being observed in KPK in Local Government Elections. If not so, the PTI would have to absorb religious sentiments. and to make Alliance with JUI S of Sami Ullah group. In Punjab, The rise of religious groups are based on the Blasphemous acts. TLP. But the situation in Afghanistan must have encouraged them to expand its role. Taliban Empowerment in Afghanistan encouraged religious groups to play active role in power politics. TTP increasing Attacks are being observed Across Pakistan. So all these possibilities are there.

Basic Arithmetic

Primary mental abilities: groups of related skills organized into hypothetical constructs–Number- Word fluency–Verbal meaning- Inductive reasoning–Spatial orientation

Secondary mental abilities: clusters of related primary abilities used as a framework for describing intelligence’s structure; difficult to measure directly

Average: A calculated "central" value of a set of numbers (Also called the Arithmetic Mean.)

Mean, Median and Mode

The mean is the average of a data set.

The mode is the most common number in a data set.

The median is the middle of the set of numbers.

The mean (average) is found by adding all of the numbers together and dividing by the number of items in the set: 10 + 10 + 20 + 40 + 70 / 5 = 30.

The mode is the most common number in a set. For example, the mode in this set of numbers is 21

21, 21, 21, 23, 24, 26, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33

The median is the middle number in a data set. To find the median, list your data points in ascending order and then find the middle number. The middle number in this set is 28 as there are 4 numbers below it and 4 numbers above:

23, 24, 26, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33

Note: If you have an even set of numbers, average the middle two to find the mean. For example, the mean of this set of numbers is 28.5 (28 + 29 / 2).

23, 24, 26, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34

The range of a list a numbers and is just the difference between the largest and smallest values.

Chapter 2: Triangles 

Equilateral: "equal"-lateral (lateral means side) so they have all equal sides. An equilateral triangle has three equal lengths, and all the angles are equal which means they are each 60°.

Isosceles: An isosceles triangle has two lengths which are the same as each other, and two angles which are the same as each other.

Scalene: A scalene triangle has three different length sides, and three different angles.

Sum of the Interior Angles of a Triangle

The angles inside a triangle are called interior angles. The three interior angles in a triangle will always add up to 180°.

At each corner the exterior and interior angles are on a straight line, so at each corner these two angles add up to 180°.

Chapter 3: Sampling

Simple random sampling is a sampling technique where every item in the population has an even chance and likelihood of being selected in the sample. Here the selection of items completely depends on chance or by probability and therefore this sampling technique is also sometimes known as a method of chances.

"A simple random sample of size n consists of n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individual has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected."

ALIGARH MOVEMENT [1858_1898]

Aligarh Movement [1858-98]

The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British chose to believe that the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the subject of ruthless punishments and merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of 1857, this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts resulted in the liquidation of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British crown.

After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made English not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835. This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.

Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realization of the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.

Sir Syed's first and foremost objective was to acquaint the British with the Indian mind; his next goal was to open the minds of his countrymen to European literature, science and technology.

Therefore, in order to attain these goals, Sir Syed launched the Aligarh Movement of which Aligarh was the center. He had two immediate objectives in mind: to remove the state of misunderstanding and tension between the Muslims and the new British government, and to induce them to go after the opportunities available under the new regime without deviating in any way from the fundamentals of their faith. 

Keeping education and social reform as the two planks of his program, he launched the Aligarh Movement with the following objectives:

1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims.

2. To persuade Muslims to learn English education.

3. To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation.

4. To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community.

Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to attract into his orbit a number of sincere friends who shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-known figures like Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Maulvi Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. Above all, his gifted son Syed Mahmud, a renowned scholar, jurist and educationist, was a great source of help to him.

Syed Ahmad also succeeded in enlisting the services of a number of distinguished English professors like Bech, Morison, Raleigh and Arnold who gave their best in building up the Aligarh College into a first-rate institution.

A brief chronology of Syed Ahmad's efforts is given below:

1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad.

1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.

1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. This society was involved in the translation of English works into the native language.

1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted information on history; ancient and modern science of agriculture, natural and physical sciences and advanced mathematics.

1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of Muslims.

1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English public schools. Later raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1913.

1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference. This conference met every year to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics. It later became the political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and was the forerunner of the Muslim League. 

Besides his prominent role in the educational uplift of the Muslims, Syed Ahmad Khan's writings played an important role in popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood. His essay on "The Causes of Indian Revolt in 1858", and other writings such as "Loyal Muhammadans of India", Tabyin-ul-Kalam and "A Series of Essays on the Life of Muhammad and Subjects Subsidiary Therein" helped to create cordial relations between the British Government and the Indian Muslims. They also helped to remove misunderstandings about Islam and Christianity.

It was from this platform that Syed Ahmad Khan strongly advised the Muslims against joining the Hindu dominated Congress. He was in favor of reserved seats for Muslims and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. This idea led to the Two-Nation Theory.

Syed Ahmad Khan's Aligarh Movement played a significant role in bringing about an intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus it succeeded in achieving its major objectives, i.e. educational progress and social reform. His efforts earned Sir Syed the title "Prophet of Education". 

Basic information about CSS for beginners

Basic Info about CSS for beginners.. 

CSS Examination 2016 Revised New Syllabus

Compulsory Subjects Total Marks-600

Code-Subject-Marks

1. English Essay 100      

2. English Precise & Composition 100      

3. General Science & Abbility 100       

4. Current Affairs 100      

5. Pakistan Affairs 100      

6. Islamic Studies 100 Or        

Comparative Study of Major Religions (For Non-Muslims)

Total Marks: 600   

Optional Subjects Total Marks-600

 Code-Subject-Marks 

Group-I: (To select one subject of (200 marks) only)

Code No. Subject Marks

11. Accountancy & Auditing 200

12. Economics 200

13. Computer Science 200

14. Political Science 200

15. International Relations 200

Group-II: (To select subject(s) of 200 marks only)

Code No. Subject Marks

16. Physics 200

17. Chemistry 200

18. Applied Mathematics 100

19. Pure Mathematics 100

20. Statistics 100

21. Geology 100

Group-III: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)

Code No. Subject Marks

22. Business Administration 100

23. Public Administration 100

24. Governance & Public Policies 100

25. Town Planning & Urban Management 100

Group-IV: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)

Code No. Subject Marks

26. History of Pakistan & India 100

27. Islamic History & Culture 100

28. British History 100

29. European History 100

30. History of USA 100

Group-V: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)

Code No. Subject Marks

31. Gender Studies 100

32. Environmental Sciences 100

33. Agriculture & Forestry 100

34. Botany 100

35. Zoology 100

36. English Literature 100

37. Urdu Literature 100

Group-VI: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)

Code No. Subject Marks

38. Law 100

39. Constitutional Law 100

40. International Law 100

41. Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 100

42. Mercantile Law 100

43. Criminology 100

44. Philosophy 100

Group-VII: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)

Code No. Subject Marks

45. Journalism & Mass Communication 100

46. Psychology 100

47. Geography 100

48. Sociology 100

49. Anthropology 100

50. Punjabi 100

51. Sindhi 100

52. Pashto 100

53. Balochi 100

54. Persian 100

55. Arabic 100

Note-1: Question papers in Urdu or other Pakistani regional languages (Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and

Balochi), Persian and Arabic should be answered in the respective languages unless otherwise directed in the

question paper.

Note-2: There will be two papers of 100 marks each of the subjects which carry 200 marks. In other subjects of 100 marks there will be one paper. Each paper will be of 3 hours duration.

Note-3: The candidates should expect some objective type question (MCQ’s) in compulsory and optional

👉Pakistan Affairs👉 Notes , Books and all sources

👉Pakistan Affairs

👉 Notes , Books and all sources 

NOA NOTES+ LECTURES OF. PAK AFFAIR +

 https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=1lq_x1VKCt3pOYSL9FYleCQ5dYIcfNkXw

Notes

_____

https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=1O9TSdA0XbcTcckCZsscuDwqzG1sse3eZ

RECORDED Lecture NOA

_____

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pgEE228ntEnPHXKJaPkt9orBY4P8xFD8/view

Trek to Pakistan 

__________________

Pre partition notes

Mam sassi malik notes

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1__29HJ6YguPQgt5gVe3hcV63pypbK1ZE/view?usp=drivesdk

——————

Constitutional and political history of pakistan by HAMID KHAN

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1w81hordtfL-nY0z4iG07FMBsJdqJE7XH/view

______________

☞ Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan (Hamid Khan)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1w81hordtfL-nY0z4iG07FMBsJdqJE7XH/view

————————-

☞ Pak indo history by K. ali

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1B9RWAZF0VyjT9XWWHyURFh4v-mtgFqrO/view

☞ Pakistan and world affairs by shamshad akhtar

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NwOL8XU38clGJkMeV6ndttzBdJgcyz2Q/view

☞ Pakitan foreign policy by abdul sattar

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MYFw2ClUJvFj5DwO58bWvirsRidZCP3q/view

Major events .

*Major_events.* For Css /Pms/PPSC NTS Exams

■1905...Bengal Separation

■1906...Muslim league was formed 

■1909...Minto Morley Reforms

■1913...Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined Muslim league

■1913...Incident of kanpur

■1914...World war1 start

■1916...Lucknow Pact

■1918...World war 1 end

■1919...Khilafat movement

■1919...Rowlet act

■1922..Allama iqbal joined ML

■1922..Incident of Chaura Chauri (4 February 1922)

■1923...Liaqat Ali Khan joined Muslim league 

■1927...Simon commission

■1927....Delhi proposals

■1928...Nehru report

■1929...Jinnah's fourteen points

■1929...Khudai khidmatgar movement 

■1930...Allama iqbal speech at Allahabad

■1930..First london confrence 

■1931..Second londn conf

■1932..Third londn confre

■1932...Communal award

■1932..Khaksaar movement

■1933..Now or never movement

■1934..Quaid become permanent president of ML

■1935...Govt.of India act

■1937...Congress ministries

■1938...Pirpur Report

■1938...Fatima Jinnah joined ML

■1939..world war 2 start

■1939..congress ministries resigned

■1939...Day of deliverance 22nd March

■1940...Lahore resolution 23rd March

■1942...Cripps mission

■1942...Quit India movement

■1945...Shimla conference

■1945..Central election

■1946...Provincial election 

■1946...Delhi convention

■1946...Cabinent mission

■1947... Pakistan..

COMPILED PAST PAPERS OF 10 YEARS (PAKISTAN AFFAIRS)

Past Papers are the best way to prepare for upcoming Exams and they help in guessing expected questions to be asked. 

Solving past papers also helps in understanding how questions are framed and it enhances the paper attempting skills. 

Share Pakistan Affairs Past Papers with fellow Aspirants and stay tuned for ...

Forty Hadith Islamic studies paper

pakistan affairs

mcqs post partition Pakistan affairs

*__important mcqs__✍️*

*🏵️1. When Muslim league comes into being? → ANS (1906)*

*🍀2. The first president of Pakistan Muslim League? → ANS Khaliquzzaman (1949)*

*🏵️3. Which melts at room temperature? → ANS Mercury*

*🍀4. Who is the chairman of Senate of Pakistan? → ANS Sadiq Sanjrani*

*🏵️5. Who is Saudi King? → ANS Salman Ben Abdul Aziz*

*🍀6. Who put martial law in 1977? → ANS Zia ul Haq*

*🏵️7. Who abrogated constitution in 1958 and put martial law? → ANS Sikandar Mirza*

*🍀8. Who is chancellor of Germany? → ANS Angela Markel*

*🏵️9. Second prime minister of Pakistan? → ANS Nazim uddin*

*🍀10. Who murdered Hazrat Ali R.A? → ANS Abdal-Rahman ibn Muljam*

*🏵️11. Zakat obliged in? → ANS 2 hijri*

*🍀12. Battle of Trench? → ANS 5 Hijri*

*🏵️13. Australia Capital? → ANS Canberra*

*🍀14. Who accompanied in Hijrat to Hazrat Muhammat PBUH? → ANS Hazrat Abu Bakar*

*🏵️15. Evolution means? → ANS Continuous*

*🍀16. Zamzam means? → ANS Stop flowing*

*🏵️17. After one unit in 1955 who become Chief Minister of West Pakistan? → ANS KhanSahib(Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan)*

*🍀18. Simon Commission report in the year of? → ANS 1930*

*🏵️19. Capital change to Delhi from Calcutta in? → ANS 1911*

*🍀20. Indus Basin Treaty? → ANS 1960*

20_Words_in_British_English_vs_American_English

#20_Words_in_British_English_vs_American_English

20 الفاظ برطانوی انگریزی اور امریکی انگریزی میں

American - British

1. Cab - Taxi

ٹیکسی

2. Truck - Lorry

لاری

3. Subway - Underground

زیرزمین راستہ

4. Gasoline - Petrol

پٹرول

5. Highway - Motorway

ہائی وے

6. Vacations - Holidays

چھٹی

7. Stove - Cooker

کوکر

8. Drapes - Curtains

پردہ

9. Faucet - Tap

پانی کی ٹونٹی

10. Apartment - Flat

فلیٹ

11. Closet - Wardrobe

کپڑوں کی الماری

12. Elevator - Lift

لفٹ

13. Chips - Crisps

چیپس

14. Cookies - Biscuits

بسکٹ

15. Candy - Sweets

مٹھائی

16. Sneakers - Trainers

مخبر

17. Zipper - Zip

کھولنے بند کرنے کا دندانے دار فیتہ؛ زپ

18. Diaper - Nappy

ڈائپر

19. Pants - Trousers

پاجامہ

20. Eraser – Rubber

مٹانے والا

#CSS2022 #Result of #Written #Part. Statistics of CSS Competitive Examinations 2022:#Candidates Applied : 32059Candidates #Appeared : 20262Candidates #Passed in #writtenwords Exam : 393Pass Percentage w.r.t Appeared Candidates : 1.94#cssexam #CSSPakistan #csps #psp #Pakistan